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No copies of the floppy disk(s) may be sold or} given to any person or other entity.Notwithstanding the above, the documentation and accompanying disk(s) may be duplicate}d for the sole use of the original purchaser.Antic is a trademark of Antic Publishing, Inc.nying disk(s) may be duplicate_CALC MAGIC FOR THE ATARIThank you for buying CALC MAGIC. You are now in possession of the most advanced spreadsheet progr}am yet conceived for the Atari 800XL and the 130XE.LOADING THE PROGRAM - DISK VERSIONThe system disk contains two versio}ns of CALC MAGIC, one for the 800XL and the other for the 130XE. The disk also contains a Boot program which will detect whi}ch computer you have and load the appropriate version of CALC MAGIC. The correct version will be loaded automatically.Switc}h OFF the computer, then switch ON the disk drive and also the printer, if you have one. Insert the disk, label side up, int}o the drive and close the latch. Then switch the computer ON. The appropriate version of CALC MAGIC will load automatically} and will autorun. While it is loading the screen will display a reminder of the operating keys and the functions available} in CALC MAGIC.There is no need to disable Basic, it will be disabled automatically.As soon as the program has loaded, re}move the system disk and put it somewhere safe. Do not use the system disk for saving worksheet files!SPREADSHEET SIZET}he 800XL version of CALC MAGIC has a cell matrix of 26 columns, labelled A to Z, by 254 rows, labelled 1 to 254.The 130XE v}ersion takes advantage of the larger machine memory by giving you a matrix of 64 columns, labelled A to BL, by 254 rows, labe}lled 1 to 254.Worksheet files saved from the two different versions are NOT compatable.However, Ranges saved from the 800}XL version can be loaded into the 130XE version, and Ranges saved from the 130XE version can be loaded into the 800XL version} as long as the Range saved is between columns A to Z only. Also, care must be taken to ensure that the complexity of the Ra}nge is not such that it exceeds the available memory of the smaller 800XL machine.SCREEN COLOURSScreen colours can be cha}nged using the "CHANGE COLOUR" option, found in the "WORKSHEET COMMANDS" menu. Colours are then entered in the form of three} numbers separated by commas, like so - 150,12,1 - where the first number corresponds to the border colour, the second to the} text colour, and the third to the background colour. Numbers must be in the range 1-255 and are derived by taking the stand}ard Atari colour code, multiplying it by 16, then adding the luminance value, which is in the range 0-15.L (pound sterling)} SIGNSIf you wish to enter a L (pound sterling) sign into text, press CONTROL H. If, on the other hand, you wish to prefac}e a value or range of values by a L (pound sterling) sign, use the number formatting commands (see the Number Formatting sect}ion of this manual).CALC MAGIC - OPERATING KEYSMOVING THE CURSOR KEY FUNCTION --- --------[SELECT] - Cu}rsor UP[HELP] - Cursor DOWN[CONTROL-ARROW KEYS] - Cursor UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT as normal[TAB] - Cursor RIGHT[SHIFT-SE}LECT] - Moves Cursor UP 20 rows [SHIFT-HELP] - Moves Cursor DOWN 20 rows[CLEAR] (SHIFT <) - Moves Cursor to cell at top l}eft of screen, then, if pressed asecond time, to cell A1ENTERING TEXT[ > ] - Right justify[ ^ ] (SHIFT-*) - Centralise}EDITING A CELL[ESC] - Edit cell[SHIFT-TAB] or Blank a cell[CONTROL-TAB]POINTING TO A CELL[OPTION] - Point to a} cellPOP-UP MENU OPERATION[OPTION] - HOMEs the menu cursor to the top option of the menu, which is usually EXIT.[SELECT}] - Moves the menu cursor UP by one option[START] - selects the option highlighted by the cursor[HELP] - Moves the menu c}ursor DOWN by one option[SHIFT-START] - Exit from Pop-Up menus back to worksheetMANUAL RECALCULATION[SHIFT-OPTION] - Ma}nual recalculationCONTENTSWhat is CALC MAGIC?What has CALC MAGIC to offer?The Basic Spreadsheeto Getting Startedo} Moving the cursoro Entering words or texto Entering numberso Entering formulaso Helpful notes on making entrieso }Editing a cello How CALC MAGIC calculatesHow to Use Commandso Introductiono The Menu Systemo Free Spaceo Formatti}ng NumbersCommands in Detailo Goto cello Range commandso Worksheet Commandso Format Cello Column Widtho Split S}creeno Recalculationo Disk CommandsUsing FunctionsProgramming CALC MAGICAppendixA Error MessagesB List of Funct}ionsC A simple exercise for you to tryD A more complex exampleWHAT IS CALC MAGIC?CALC MAGIC is an "electronic spread}sheet" or "financial planning" package, offering the sophisticated facilities of the more expensive spreadsheets, at a very r}easonable price.A spreadsheet program acts like a blank sheet of paper onto which text and numbers can be added, and from w}hich calculations can be made or entries altered. If several calculations make use of one entry, then altering that entry wi}ll cause automatic recalculation of all the results.Spreadsheets can be used for any sort of calculation, which uses rows a}nd columns. The most common examples being Monthly Budgets, Yearly Forecasts, Analysis of Expenditure, Profit and Loss, Bala}nce sheets, Costing, Job Quotations, Market Research and Business Modelling.The main benefit, apart from time saved, guaran}teed accuracy and neat presentation on a printer, is that a spreadsheet program encourages you to try out the effect of chang}ing the variable quantities or estimates - to discover the effect on the "bottom line." A special form of this is called fin}ancial modelling, which involves goal-seeking or reversed iteration. e.g., you can simply instruct the program to "find th}e level of sales required to achieve a net profit of $5000" or "discover what the bank lending rate can rise }to before necessitating an increase in prices"WHAT CAN CALC MAGIC DO?CALC MAGIC offers all the usual spreadsheet} features but packaged in a way that is much easier to use, so even the beginner will have no problem.Why is CALC MAGIC eas}ier?CALC MAGIC's unique "POP-UP MENU" system easily allows you to choose commands without having to enter a sequence of spec}ial characters. In addition, CALC MAGIC employs a simple "POINTING" method to reference other parts of the spreadsheet thus }making it very easy to see exactly which cells or values you are referring to and also reducing the errors created from typin}g mistakes. It can be seen that CALC MAGIC also adopts a fresh approach to choosing commands by grouping similar activities }under major headings, e.g., Range Commands, Worksheet Commands. This is fundamentally different from most other spreadsheets} which use an ever-increasing range of single commands.How to use CALC MAGICCommand selection is very straightforward - a }simple choice from a menu - so the only "typing in" needed is the variable information, such as text labels, values, formulas} and functions.MathCALC MAGIC's math calculations work on displayed values rather than internally-held values, thus produc}ing exact results, instead of columns of figures that do not appear to tally!FunctionsIn addition to the normal mathematic}al functions, such as SUM, SQUARE ROOT, CALC MAGIC offers helpful financial and statistical functions, such as MEAN, STANDARD} DEVIATION, VARIANCE, PV (to calculate NPV and IRR). There are also logical functions to calculate and compare values plus d}irective functions to allow iterative processing and goal-seeking activities, such as IF, GOTO, IFGOTO.Who can use CALC MAG}IC?One of CALC MAGIC"s most powerful features is the ability to make the use of spreadsheets available to non-specialists or} non-technical people. You can actually "program" CALC MAGIC and offer a choice of programs through the MENU system or use t}he special functions, such as ENTER, GOTO, plus re-calculation to activate a sequence of events that can be simply initiated }by pressing one key. So non-technical people can easily use CALC MAGIC without having to actually know how to set it up. Thi}s means that anyone can enter variable information, initiate complex processing, print results, load other spreadsheets and s}o on...from simple instructions and with the minimum of technical knowledge.THE BASIC SPREADSHEETGETTING STARTEDThe CA}LC MAGIC spreadsheet is divided into cells lettered A - Z (A - BL on the 130XE) horizontally and 1 - 254 vertically. Cell "A}1" is at the top lefthand corner and cell "Z254" ("BL254") is at the bottom righthand corner of the sheet.Because the sheet} is so large only a small portion of it is visible at any one time on the screen of the computer.e sheet.Because the sheetbMOVING THE CURSORThe cursor identifies the cell you are currently looking at - referred to as the "active cell" - and is s}hown as a inverse-field bar.To move to another part of the sheet, various keys can be used: to move one cell at a} time UP [CONTROL-UP ARROW] DOWN [CONTROL-DOWN ARROW] LEFT [CONTROL-LEFT ARROW] RIGHT [CONTROL-RIGHT ARROW]} or to move further afield [CLEAR] (Shift-<) moves to the cell in the top lefthand corner - if pressed twice, move}s to "A1" [SHIFT-SELECT] moves up 20 rows [SHIFT-HELP] moves down 20 rowsYou can also use the command Goto Cell.T}ry out all these keys so that you can find your way around the sheet easily - notice how the sheet scrolls off all sides of t}he screen, like looking through a window.ENTERING WORDS OR TEXTText can be entered into the active cell, simply by typin}g the required text followed by RETURN. If your text starts with a space or one of the special numeric characters (see "Ente}ring Numbers"), precede your text with [ " ].If your text is longer than the cell width (9 to start with), the text spills }over into the next cell on the right, e.g.INCOME |INCOME |EXPENDITURE |EXPENDITU||RE |Notice that }the text is always left-justified unless you precede your text with: [ > ] to right justify [ ^ ] (SHIFT-*) to cente}rThese special characters do not apply if your text has spilled over to other cells,e.g. MAY |MAY | left-just}ified >MAY | MAY| right-justified ^MAY | MAY | centered>EXPENDITURES |EXPENDITU||RE |(no action)}Alternatively, you can change the width of any column to accommodate longer text (see "Column Width").ENTERING NUMBERS}Entering numeric data is similar to entering text, in that you point the cursor to the active cell and enter your number foll}owed by RETURN. In order for CALC MAGIC to identify your entry as numeric, certain characters are recognized as "special num}eric characters:" - + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( @The last two characters have special meaning and must be used properly, e.g}.,"(" can only be used when paired with ")" and "@" implies a function.Numbers are always right-justified and if the column} is not wide enough to hold them, then the word ERROR will appear on the sheet. Note: that the original number is not lost }when this happens. To rectify this problem, extend the column-width (see COMMANDS - Column-Width).e.g., 67.89 | 67}.89| 0.1234 | 0.12| -765.432 | -765.43| 12345 |12,345.00| 123456 | ERROR|}In the above examples it can be seen that, for display purposes, CALC MAGIC automatically changes the number entered, this i}s called "formatting." You have full control over this, but unless you change them, all cells containing numbers are formatt}ed (where appropriate) to display a negative sign, commas and two decimal places.This is a very powerful and useful feature} which should be taken full advantage of, as it is very simple to format one cell or a group of cells (see "Formatting Number}s").Note that the original value is never lost, however, it is displayed on the sheet, although calculations are performed }on the displayed values (see "How CALC MAGIC Calculates").ENTERING FORMULASOne of the most important aspects of a spread}sheet is its ability to refer to values in other cells on the sheet. Cell references can be used in simple mathematical form}ulas and put into cells instead of known values. For example, if you want to add the value in A1 to the value in B1 and put }the result in C1, you would: Move the cursor to C1 Enter the "formula" +A1+B1 [RETURN]Note how the formula is preceded} with a "special numeric character" to distinguish it from ordinary text.The cell entry at the top of the screen contains "}+A1+B1" but the sheet will display the result of adding A1 and B1.e.g. cell entry display A1 10 1}0.00 B1 20 20.00 C1 +A1+B1 30.00If CALC MAGIC detects an error whilst re-calculating the sheet }an error message will be displayed in red on the top line of the screenAny simple mathematical operation can be performed u}sing formulas, although computer notation must be used:add +subtract -multiply *divide /brackets } ( ) to force a specific order of calculationMore complex operations can also be performed using the wide range of function}s (see "Using Functions"). For further examples and explanation of the evaluation order of formulas, see "How CALC MAGIC Cal}culates".For an easier method of referencing cells, see "POINTING" under "Helpful Notes on Making Entries".EDITING A CEL}LTo edit an entry after you've pressed [RETURN], move the cursor to that cell and press [ESC], then use the "Editing Keys" }to correct your entry. The cell entry will be displayed at the top of the screen on the "edit line."Note, if you move the }cursor to a cell and start typing without first pressing [ESC], the original entry will be lost.Editing KeysUse the [CNT}RL-LEFT ARROW] and [CNTRL-RIGHT ARROW] keys to move left and right along the entry and use the [DEL] key to delete characters} to the left of the cursor. Any characters typed in will automatically be inserted where the cursor is pointing, pushing the} rest of the entry to the right. To jump to the first position of the entry, press [SHIFT-CLR].Enter the edited version by} pressing [RETURN].If you want to correct a cell name, delete the wrong reference first and then use the "POINTING" method }to enter the correct one.The editing keys can also be used during initial entry into a cell, when mistakes are made, althou}gh you do not have to press [ESC].To blank a cell completely, move the cursor to the cell and press [SHIFT-RETURN] (this ca}n also be done during an edit). Alternatively, one or more cells can be blanked out by using "Range Erase".HOW CALC MAGIC} CALCULATESCALC MAGIC is probably unique amongst spreadsheets in the way in which it performs "math." One of the biggest p}roblems when working with numbers on a computer is the discrepancy between the number displayed and the value which is held i}nternally. Sum Ex. 1 Ex. 2 CALC MAGIC 12.366 12.36 12.37 12.37 25.256 25.25 25.26 25.26 37.622} 37.62 37.62 37.63The above shows two examples of what can go wrong. Ex. 1 shows what happens when numbers are disp}layed simply showing two decimal places (no rounding). . .the result is .01 greater than it should be. Ex. 2 shows what hppen}s when numbers are displayed showing two decimal places with rounding up, whilst the mathematics is performed on the original} values. . .the result is .01 less than it should be.CALC MAGIC uses the correct solution by actually performing the math w }ith the numbers which have already been rounded. Thus in the final example, titled CALC MAGIC, the true result is shown, whe }re the calculation actually matches the display.Math is performed without precedence from left to right through a formula,  }unless brackets are used to force a different order within the calculation. The following examples should illustrate what ha }ppens:Assume: A1=10 B1=50 C1=1.15 D1=35 Calculation Result +B1/A1+D1 40.00 +B1*A1+D1*A1 5,3 }50.00 +B1*A1+(D1*A1) 850.00 +A1+B1-D1*0.15 3.75 200+B1/A1-C1 23.85 200+(B1/A1)-C1 203.85HELPF}UL NOTES ON MAKING ENTRIESEntering + MovingInstead of using the [RETURN] key to enter data into a cell, which leaves the }cursor in the same place, you can use [CNTRL-UP ARROW] or [CNTRL-DOWN ARROW] to enter your data and move to an adjacent cell }at the same time. (The direction depends on which cursor movement key is used). The [CNTRL-RIGHT ARROW] key can also be use}d to move to the adjacent right cell, but only when you are at the end of your entry (it is, after all, an editing key). Thi}s is especially useful when making a lot of entries down one column or along one row.Getting rid of the error messageIf a}n error occurs while making an entry, a message is displayed at the top of the screen. Press [SHIFT-TAB] to return to the ed}it line so you can fix the problem. (See Appendix A for a complete list of error messages.)PointingAs an alternative to }typing a cell reference (e.g., when entering formulas or specifying ranges), you can "POINT" to the cell temporarily. When a} cell name is to be used, press OPTION and CALC MAGIC shows the name in reverse field at the top of the screen. Move the cur}sor to the cell name required, using the cursor movement keys and press either the space bar or any non-cursor movement key. } CALC MAGIC will then return to normal editing conditions for the active cell. Use this method wherever possible, as it is m}uch faster and more accurate than entering the cell names by hand.POINT can be overridden simply by typing in a cell refere}nce.HOW TO USE COMMANDSINTRODUCTIONThe previous section described how to use CALC MAGIC to move around the screen and }enter data, and simple spreadsheets can easily be produced without delving any further. However, CALC MAGIC offers a range o}f commands that are very simple to use and are specifically there to make it easier and quicker for you to produce and format} your spreadsheet, so as soon as you feel confident, try them out.To find out what commands are available, simply press [ST}ART] spreadsheet, so as soon as you feel confident, try them out.To find out what commands are available, simply press [STTHE MENU SYSTEMCALC MAGIC uses a series of "POP-UP" menus which superimpose themselves on the sheet, but in no way interfe }re with the data behind them. Some of the commmands offer further menus (or choices) so you rarely have to type anything in !}specifically, just "select" the right command from what is offered. Use the consol keys on the righthand side (or top of the"} 130XE) of the keyboard to move the cursor up and down, then make your selection by pressing [START] to "GO."[OPTION] Ju#}mp to first option (EXIT)[SELECT] UP one option[START] GO or "selection option"[HELP] DOWN one option[SHIFT-S$}TART] EXIT to sheetTry out all the keys now before proceeding.Notice that all menus have a title box (so you know where %}you are) and a number of options, the first always being EXIT (use [OPTION] to get there quickly). The menus are separately &}coloured to improve legibility and can be changed to suit your own taste (as can the background and foreground colours) by us'}ing the "Worksheet Command - Change Colour".FREE SPACEA message appears at the bottom of the COMMAND MENU which says, fo(}r example, "Free Space 22801." As CALC MAGIC"s spreadsheets are held entirely in memory, it is useful to see how much space )}is left. The figure shown is bytes of memory left. AS you add more entries to your sheet, you will notice that the figure g*}ets smaller.FORMATTING NUMBERSAs mentioned already, when you enter a number or formula or function the cell always conta+}ins the original entry, but the way in which it is displayed on the sheet can be varied. This is called "formatting."This ,}is a very powerful feature, yet easy to use, especially as RANGE FORMAT allows you to format groups of cells with one command-} and GLOBAL FORMAT affects the whole spreadsheet. Most of the formatting options actually generate additional characters whi.}ch are added to the display (not the entry). If the word "ERROR" appears in a cell after formatting, use the "COMMAND - Colu/}mn-width" to extend the column until "ERROR" disappears.FORMATTING NUMBERSWhen you choose one of the formatting commands0} (GLOBAL FORMAT, RANGE FORMAT or FORMAT CELL), a menu is displayed.Choose the option from the menu in the normal way (see "1}Menu System,".As a reminder, the worksheet has the following formats set, unless you change them:-ve sign on currency of2}f blank zeros comma on % sign off precision = 2 plotting offSome of the options act like a switch in tha3}t they only have two positions, "on" and "off."Negative values:-ve sign inserts a "-" before the displayed number if it is4} negative.( ) brackets the number if it is negative. In order for positive numbers to line up correctly, an additional tra5}iling space is added when this format is used.CR/DR adds the letters "CR" or "DR" after the number if it is positive or neg6}ative, respectivelyCurrency Signs$ precedes the number with a "$""L" precedes the number with a "L"(pound 7}sterling) signCurrency no currency signs displayedoffComma on inserts a comma before each group of three digits working 8}left from the decimal point, e.g., 10,000.00 and 1,999,453.00 off no commas are inserted% sign on simply adds "9}%" after the number displayed. Note, no additional calculations are performed off no "%" addedZero suppressionsh:}ow zeros are displayed e.g., 0 displayed as 0.00blank cell is left blank when zero, e.g., 0 displayed as " ;} ".Precision 0 - 8This will display the number to the number of decimal places chosen and automatically round up or down. <} To display integers, choose a precision of 0. e.g., precision = 2 0.005 rounds to 0.01 0.004=} rounds to 0.00 9.995 rounds to 10.00 9.994 rounds to 9.99Enter the pre>}cision when the prompt "Number of Places (0-8)" appears, followed by [START].Plotting on (not available under GLOBAL FORMAT?}) converts the number in the cell to a row of "***." Negative numbers are treated as zero. The plotting is independent of c@}ell width. off - normal displayCOMMANDS IN DETAILGOTO CELLThis command allows you to move quickly to any cell oA}n the sheet. Having selected this option from the Command Menu, the words "Goto Cell" appear in the edit line at the top of B}the screen. Type in the cell reference, e.g., C20, ending the entry with [START] to execute the command. To change the entrC}y use the normal editing keys.If the cell reference is incorrect, CALC MAGIC displays an error message at the top of the scD}reen, press [SHIFT-TAB] to return to the edit line.RANGE COMMANDSThese are a set of commands which all apply to a "range" E}of cells.A "cell range" can be linear, i.e., rows or columns, e.g., A1,A9 (part of column A) or A2,K2 (part of row 2) or a F}block of cells, e.g., C3,G10 or just one cell, e.g., B2,B2 or just B2. Having chosen one of the range commands, the appropriG}ate prompt line will appear on the edit line, for you to enter the "range." CALC MAGIC automatically puts you into "POINT" mH}ode so use this method to specify the beginning and end of the range separating the two entries with a ",". Indicate you havI}e completed the entry by pressing [START], remembering that you can always use the editing keys before that to change mistakeJ}s or [SHIFT-START] to escape back to the last menu.Naming RangesAs a convenient way of pointing to the same range more thaK}n once, you can give it a name or label, so that when you want to use it, you just specify the name and the associated range L}is brought in for your use. Once the range is in the edit line you can, of course, change it.To set up a "named range," maM}ke an entry in any cell that is not otherwise needed and type in: [name]range [RETURN]For example, enter "[PROFIT]CN}5,E5" into cell A20. When CALC MAGIC prompts for a range, type "[PROFIT" or even just "[PR" and the range C5,E5 will appear O}in the edit line. Press [START] to accept it in the normal manner. Note that this ability to name ranges is only available P}for use with commands and cannot be used within functions.Range CopyThis allows you to copy a range of cells to another paQ}rt of the sheet. It should be noted that the destination cells are erased (blanked out) before the copy takes place, so you R}are not allowed to merge the two. CALC MAGIC prompts for the "Range to copy from" followed by the "Range to copy to." EnterS} the "from" range followed by [START], then the "to" range followed by [START]. Valid types of copy with ExamplesRow to T}row(s)A9,C9 --> A10 copies 1 rowA9,C9 --> A12,A14 copies 1 row to 3 rowsColumn to column(s) A1,A10 --> B6 copU}ies 1 columnA1,A10 --> B6,C6 copies 1 column to 3 columnsOne cell to cell(s) A5 --> C6 copies one cellA5 --> AV}8,C8 copies 1 cell to 3 cellsCALC MAGIC automatically adjusts any formulas so that they reflect their new position on W}the sheet. This is referred to as "replicating."e.g., cell entry display A1 10 10.00 A2 X} 20 20.00 A3 +A1+A2 30.00using RANGE COPY...copy A1,A3 to B1, result is: B1 10 Y} 10.00 B2 20 20.00 B3 +B1+B2 30.00so that if you change values in B1 or B2 later, B3 wiZ}ll reflect the addition of their values, not those in A1 and A2. In fact, one of the most common uses of RANGE COPY is to re[}produce a similar formula across a row or column. Try out the following example:Set up a spreadsheet as shown: A \} B C D E1 Jan Feb Mar April2 Sales 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.003 Costs 300.00 350.]}00 400.00 450.004-------------------------------------5 ProfitEnter the formula +B2-B3 in cell B5 as the "Profit" cal^}culation. The sheet will display 200.00. Choose RANGE COPY and copy B5 to C5,E5 and your "Profit" formula is reproduced and_} will be correctly adjusted to use columns C, D and E figures accordingly. A B C D E1 Ja`}n Feb Mar April2 Sales 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.003 Costs 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.004 ------------------a}------------------5 Profit200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00In fact, if you initially set up A4 as "----," you can use RANGE Cb}OPY to reproduce your underline in B4 to E4 instead of typing it in. (Copy A4 to B4,E4).There are times when you do not wac}nt a cell reference to be changed during a "copy" operation, e.g., a fixed overhead, so to tell CALC MAGIC that a cell name id}s to be left unchanged, precede it with "$".e.g., if B5 is set up as +B2-B3-$B10 and you copy it to C5,E5, thenC5 will bee}come C2-C3-$B10D5 will become D2-D3-$B10E5 will become E2-E3-$B10Range FormatThis command allows you to format the numf}bers held in a range of cells. Refer to "Formatting Numbers" for the details, but CALC MAGIC"s POP-UP MENU system provides sg}uch a simple method to follow that choosing the format you require should be no problem. Note that RANGE FORMAT applies afteq}Z<?B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSB-SAUTORUN SYSB FONT SETBDOC 000BDDOC 001BMDOC 002BTDOC 003B^|DOC 004BNDOC 005BR(DOC 006r you have entered your values, so use GLOBAL FORMAT to pre-format the worksheet and RANGE FORMAT or FORMAT CELL for adjustmer}nts later.When using RANGE FORMAT, CALC MAGIC prompts with "Range to Format." Enter the desired range (by one of the methos}ds mentioned earlier), then press [START].Range EraseThis command removes all entries from a range of cells. CALC MAGICt} prompts with "Range to Blank" enter the desired range, then press [START].BE CAREFUL when using this command, as there isu} no way of retrieving the original cell entries.To clear the sheet completely, use "Worksheet Commands - Clear Sheet"Ranv}ge SortThis command sorts a range of cells in ascending order. Any column within the range can be selected for sorting andw} all entries on the same row will be exchanged. All cells in the range must contain either numbers or text and the column bex}ing sorted must be the same data type.CALC MAGIC prompts with "Range to Sort:" POINT to the column and press [START].e.gy}., using range A1,C3 and column A1 before A B C 1 Sugar 60.00 Smith 2 z} Cream 40.00 Green 3 Milk 70.00 Brown after A B C 1 Cream 40.00 Green 2 {} Milk 70.00 Brown 3 Sugar 60.00 Smithn after A B C 1 Cream 40.00 Green 2 .Range SaveThis command allows an area of the sheet to be saved and thus conveniently transferred to another sheet later (!}}or perhaps printed at another time). When a range is saved in this way note that the column-widths, printer settings, etc., !~}are not saved.CALC MAGIC prompts with "Range to Save;" enter the desired range, then press [START]. When using disk, CALC !}MAGIC asks: "Replace Sheet? Enter Yes or No"If this one is to overwrite a range already saved, press [Y], then [RETURN]!} and CALC MAGIC provides a list of those currently held on the disk. Use the normal method of selecting from a menu to choos!}e the correct name (see "Menu System").If you want to save this range under a new name, press [N], then [RETURN]. CALC MAG!}IC then prompts with: "Worksheet Name (8 char. max)"Enter the name followed by [RETURN]. CALC MAGIC automatically saves!} ranges with a file extension of ".RMS".Range LoadThis command allows you to load a previously saved range into the curr!}ent worksheet.CALC MAGIC prompts with a list of ranges already saved on the disk. Use the normal method of selecting from !}a menu to choose the correct name (see "Menu System".Any cells that were blank when the range was saved will be skipped as !}the range is loaded back, although all cells on the sheet are replaced by the cells being loaded.If you want to print a pre!}viously saved range, first load this into the worksheet and then choose RANGE PRINT.WORKSHEET COMMANDSThis is a general !}heading for various commands that affect the worksheet itself.Global FormatThis command is used to set the general format!} which will be used to display values until such time as RANGE FORMAT or FORMAT CELL are used. Refer to "Formatting Numbers"!} for the details, but CALC MAGIC's POP-UP MENU system provides such a simple method to follow that choosing the format you re!}quire should be no problem.Sheet Column-WidthThis command is used to set a universal COLUMN-WIDTH for the whole worksheet!}, as opposed to "Column-Width" from the MAIN MENU, which allows you to set columns individually. The same method of setting !}the width is employed, so refer to "Column-Width" for further details.Delete Row/ColumnThis command allows you to delete !}a complete row or column from the sheet. If you use this command, there is no way of retrieving the original entries at a la!}ter time - so BEWARE! When you delete a row, all rows below the one specified are moved up one row; similarly, when you dele!}te a column all columns to the right are moved left by one column.Note: Cell references are adjusted (like RANGE COPY) to !}reflect their new position, if they have been moved to a new row or column, although any references to the deleted row or col!}umn are left as they were, so make a note to check any calculations that might be affected.When you select this command, CA!}LC MAGIC displays another menu:so use the normal method of selecting from a menu (see "Menu System") to make your choice. !}When the prompt appears, you are automatically in "POINT" mode, so use this method to indicate the row or column to delete (o!}r type an appropriate cell reference) followed by [START]. Remember that the whole row or column is deleted, although you on!}ly need point to a single cell.The most practical use of this command, besides simply wanting to delete a row or column, is!} a means of moving rows or columns around the sheet. For example, if you want to move column C to column H, first of all COP!}Y all relevant entries in column C to column H using RANGE COPY. Now DELETE column C, noting that when C is deleted all colu!}mns are moved left, so the previous column H is now column G. If column H was already being used, first INSERT a new column !}H (see "Insert Row/Column", thus moving the old H to the right and making space for you to copy C to the new blank H.Insert!} Row/ColumnThis command allows you to insert a complete row or column anywhere on the sheet. When you insert a row, all ro!}ws, including the current one, are shifted down the sheet to make room. Similarly, when you insert a column, all columns, in!}cluding the current one, are shifted to the right. Obviously you cannot make either of these moves if all the columns or row!}s are being used!When you choose this option from the MAIN MENU, CALC MAGIC prompts with another menu.Use the normal meth!}od of selecting from a menu (see "Menu System"). When the prompt appears, you are automatically in "POINT" mode, so use this!} method to indicate the row or column to insert or type an appropriate cell reference, followed by [START]. You only need to!} point to one cell, although a whole row or column is inserted.e.g., If the cursor is resting on C10, then "Insert Row" wi!}ll move all rows, including 10, down one line; similarly, Insert Column will move all columns, including C, to the right.An!}y cell references to any of the rows or columns moved will be adjusted to reflect their new position.Save SheetThis comma!}nd allows you to save the entire spreadsheet, including printer and colour settings, etc., i.e., exactly as it is when you sa!}ve it. Save Sheet does not save the Recalculation mode and the Global worksheet format.When you choose this option, CALC MA!}GIC asks: "Replace Sheet? Enter Yes or No"If this one is to overwrite a sheet already saved, press [Y], then [RETURN] a!}nd CALC MAGIC provides a list of those currently held on the disk. Use the normal method of selecting from a menu to choose !}the correct name (see "Menu System"). If you want to save this sheet under a new name, press [N], then [RETURN] and CALC MAG!}IC asks: "Worksheet Name (8 char. max)" Enter the name followed by [RETURN]. CALC MAGIC automatically saves sheets wit!}h a file extension of ".GMS".Load SheetThis command allows you to load a previously saved sheet into the current workshee!}t, thus overwriting whatever was there before.CALC MAGIC displays a list of sheets already saved on the disk.Printer Setu!}pThis command allows you to set up special control characters to be sent to the printer, in order for it to print your shee!}t correctly. This includes specifying the type of printer you are using.When you choose this option, CALC MAGIC displays a!}nother menu.Use the normal method of selecting from a menu to choose the correct option (see "Menu System"), although you m!}ay find that you have to set more than just one of these to start with. Each option displays a prompt, after which you can e!}nter up to 15 different control codes in the form of a number between 1 and 255, separated by commas.(These are the ASCII n!}umbers which your particular printer will interpret, so you may need to refer to your printer manual.)Page Width 80The def!}ault page width is 80 characters wide and this is shown in the menu. If a different width is required, choose this option fr!}om the menu and edit the number displayed. When [START] is pressed the menu will return showing the new width.Start of pri!}ntThe codes used will set the overall printer format, such as condensed print. They will be sent each time before printing !}starts.End of lineThis command is used to send end-of-line information to the printer. For example, some printers require!} a line feed, carriage return sequence (10,13) whilst others are quite happy with carriage return (13). For double line spac!}ing, use (13,13).End of printThis command is used to terminate the printing. For example, a couple of carriage returns (1!}3,13) or possibly a form feed (12) so that your next printout starts at the beginning of a page (also see "Start of print").!}Change ColourWhen CALC MAGIC is first loaded into the computer the colour codes are already set. These are selected for u!}se on colour monitors but you may not find them suitable for colour or black-and-white televisions. Modify the colours to su!}it your own VDU type. These are very simple to change, as CALC MAGIC displays the colour codes currently being used and all !}you have to do is type in your own combination to achieve suitable contrast. Use the normal "Editing Keys" to do this. The !}codes are entered as a series of 8 numbers, separated by commas, each number representing the colour for the following:1st !} command menu2nd 2nd overlay menu3rd 3rd overlay menu4th 4th overlay menu5th border/status line6th sheet7th scree!}n border8th backgroundThe colour codes can be any number between 1 and 15 (where black is 15, not 0), and the only restri!}ction being that the 8th colour code must be different from all the rest (except for the screen border), otherwise the inform!}ation disappears! When you are happy, finish your entry with [START].e.g., 2,5,6,12,12,16,1,1 is the normal set up when !}the program is loadedcommand menu red2nd overlay menu green3rd overlay menu blue4th overlay menu !} greyborder/status line greysheet blackscreen border whitebackground whiteFormula!} or value?This command allows you to switch between displaying the values for each cell on the worksheet (both entered and !}calculated) and the formulas held in each cell (where applicable). It can be very useful to see at a glance where there are !}formulas and where there is data, so that these can be checked. The worksheet can be printed in both formats if further scru!}tiny is required. This is often used when results, etc., do not appear as you expected!Choosing this option from the menu !}acts like a switch, so that if you previously had "display" mode, you will switch to "formula" mode. Choosing it again rever!}ses the procedure.Clear sheetThis command erases all the information from your worksheet, except the colour codes and pri!}nter set-up. All cells are blanked and the format is reset to its original default values. As the results of doing this by !}mistake are very serious, you are asked to confirm the action, before the command is executed. Press [N] or [Y], then [RETUR!}N] in answer to the prompt: "Really clear the sheet? Yes or No"If you just want to erase current entries in your sheet,!} but keep the format, etc., you can always use Range Erase.FORMAT CELLThis command allows you to format the cell that you!} are currently pointing to. Refer to "Formatting Numbers" for the details, but CALC MAGIC's POP-UP MENU system provides such!} a simple method to follow that choosing the format you require should be no problem.COLUMN-WIDTHThis command allows you !}to alter the width of the current column. When you choose it, CALC MAGIC prompts with: "Use <=CRSR=> to adjust width"Us!}e the [CONTROL-LEFT ARROW ] or [CONTRL-RIGHT ARROW] key to extend or reduce the column-width. As you use this key, the re!}verse field bar (your cursor) gets larger and smaller accordingly. Press [START] when you are happy with the adjustment.SP!}LIT SCREENThis command offers the facility of splitting your displayed worksheet into separate portions or "windows." This!} split can be horizontal (along a row) or vertical (down a column) but not both at the same time. You can also tell CALC MAG!}IC to move both windows together, when scrolling, or to keep one static while the other one scrolls. (This can be great fun,!} but sometimes misleading!) When you have split your worksheet into separate windows, you can only move the cursor within on!}e window at a time, although you can still access all parts of the sheet. You can jump from one window to the other by using!} "Swap Over." The most common use of "windows" is to be able to retain column headings or row titles on the screen while the!} rest of the sheet scrolls further to the right or further down, as these would otherwise be lost from view.screen while the mWhen you select this command, CALC MAGIC displays another menu, so choose your option by using the normal method of selectin%}g from a menu (see "Menu System").Vertical or Horizontal SplitCALC MAGIC will first prompt with the message:"Select posi%}tion for split and press [START]"Using the cursor keys, select a point on the screen where you want it to split. Press [STA%}RT] when you are ready. CALC MAGIC will now prompt:"Synchronized movement? Enter Yes or No"If you want the two windows %}to move independently, type [N], then [START], otherwise type [Y] the [START] (see above).e.g. If the active cell is C1 an%}d you choose vertical split, then the row numbers are repeated between columns B and C, thus leaving A and B always on the sc%}reen.Swap OverThis moves the cursor to the other "window."Close SplitThis returns you to full-screen operation, when yo%}u have finished using the "windows" or when you want to change to a window split in the opposite direction.RECALCULATION%}This command allows you to control the method and direction of sheet recalculation. If your sheet contains a lot of formulas%} or functions, dependent on other cell values, it can be more efficient to "turn off" automatic recalculation until you have %}finished entering or changing the data, otherwise CALC MAGIC is continually working out new values for the same cells. The d%}irection of recalculation can also affect the way in which your spreadsheet works, especially when using the @IF or @IFGTO fu%}nctions (see "Functions".The current setting for the sheet can easily be seen by the letters in the top left corner of the %}sheetThese are "a" or "m" for automatic or manual, and "r" or "c" for row or column. The default setting for the sheet is "%}a" and "r".When you select this command, CALC MAGIC displays another menu so choose your option by using the normal method %}of selecting from a menu.ManualThis means that no recalculations are performed until you press [SHIFT-OPTION]. This optio%}n is best used when entering large amounts of information or when iterative/goal-seeking calculations are performed.Automat%}icThis causes recalculations to be performed each time an entry is made or modified.ProgrammedChoosing this option select%}s programmed recalculation. No recalculations are performed until you press [SHIFT-OPTION]. The SELECT OPTIONS menu is displ%}ayed. Each of the options is a program that has previously been created in the last column (see "Programming CALC MAGIC"). %}Choosing one of these options causes the selected "program" to run. When it has finished, you will be returned to the normal%} worksheet.By RowThis forces recalculation to be performed row-by-row, i.e., A1..Z1, A2..Z2, etc., to A254..Z254.By Colu%}mnThis forces recalculation to be performed column-by-column, i.e., A1..A254, B1..B254, etc., to Z1..Z254. DISK COMMANDS%}This command allows you to perform "housekeeping" tasks on your disk without having to leave CALC MAGIC.When you select thi%}s command, CALC MAGIC displays another menu, so choose your option by using the normal method of selecting from a menu (see "%}Menu System").Validate diskThis command forces the disk drive to check the contents of the disk currently in use, but only%} needs to be issued rarely, as the disk drive is fairly efficient about disk utilisation.Delete FileThis command allows yo%}u to actually delete a file from the disk. Once deleted the file is not recoverable!CALC MAGIC displays a menu of files he%}ld on the disk. Use the normal method of selecting from a menu to choose the file to be deleted. Note, you can always "exi%}t" rather than delete, if you change your mind.Format DiskThis command allows you to format a blank disk or re-format an o%}ld disk. Remember, when using an old disk, that all information previously held there will be lost. CALC MAGIC prompts with%}:"Disk Name"Enter a name for the disk and a two-digit identity code separated by a "," followed by [RETURN].e.g., Demo,%}01Wait while the disk is formatted, as it will take a few minutes.Save DIFThis allows you to save your current worksheet%} in the standard DIF format, so that it can be used in other programs.Load DIFThis will load a spreadsheet which has been %}previously saved in the DIF format. It allows the use of files from other programs.USING FUNCTIONSThe range of functions%} available with CALC MAGIC is designed to ease the burden of typing in long formulas and also to broaden the scope of what yo%}u can do with the data stored in your spreadsheet.e.g., instead of +A1+B1+C1+D1+E1+F1 use @SUM(A1,F1) and more complex func%}tions @NUMBER, @IF, @MAX,thus you are not limited to algebraic type arithmeticCALC MAGIC's functions can be used on their&} own in a cell (instead of a formula) or as part of a formula by using the normal arithmetic operators + - * / ( ) (see "&}Entering Formulas"). Every cell containing a function is evaluated, just like formulas, and the result displayed on the shee&}t or actioned as in the case of @IFGOTO and @GOTO. A function implies a particular action to be performed on values, either &}directly or indirectly. The values that actually "drive" the function are called PARAMETERS and without them the function is&} meaningless.All CALC MAGIC's functions follow a similar format in that the function name is preceded with "@" and followed&} by the parameter(s) enclosed in brackets. Multiple parameters are separated by commas. In most cases the functions work wi&}th a range of cells, which can be defined in the normal way (top left cell name [,]bottom right cell name) and can be entered&} explicitly or "POINTED" to (see "Helpful Notes") or accessed via a "range name" (see "Range Commands").As it is easier to&} explain functions by example, assume the following cell values: A B C D E G1 7 8 9 Costs2 4 5 & }63 1 2 34 @SUM(r1,r2)Adds together all the values in the range of cells.e.g., @SUM(A1,C3) gives a result of 45 & } @SUM(B2,B3) gives a result of 7@MIN(r1,r2)Searches the range for the smallest value.e.g., @MIN(A1,C3) gives a result o& }f 1 @MIN(A1,C1) gives a result of 7@MAX(r1,r2)Searches the range for the largest value.e.g., @MAX(A1,C3) gives a r& }esult of 9 @MAX(B1,B3) gives a result of 8@MEAN(r1,r2)Adds together all the values in the range and then divides the& } result by the number of values in the range. Any cells which are not in use or contain text are not included in the calcula&}tion.e.g., @MEAN(A1,D3) gives a result of 5 (45/9) @MEAN(A1,A3) gives a result of 4 (12/3)@COUNT(r1,r2)Counts &}the number of cells which contain values within a range.e.g. @COUNT(A1,D3) gives a result of 9 @COUNT(B1,B4) gives a r&}esult of 3@SQRT(exp)Calculates the square root of any math which is put between the brackets:e.g., @SQRT(A1*C1/B3) give&}s the result 5.615+@SQRT(C1)+3 gives the result 11@PV(p1,p2,p3) where p1=amount p2=percentage &} p3=durationReturns the "present value" using the parameters p1, p2 and p3.This present value function is most&} specifically used to calculate the Net Present Value and the Internal Rate of Return.p1 = amount - can be a cell name or a &}valuep2 = percentage - can be a cell name or a value between 0 and 1p3 = duration - can be a cell name or a value between 0&} and 255e.g., @PV(1000,0.12,5) gives the result 567.43@PV(1000,0.12,A2) gives the result 635.52@VAR(r1,r2)Calculates t&}he variance of a range.e.g., @VAR(A1,D3) gives a result of 6.67@VAR(A1,A3) gives a result of 6.00@STD(r1,r2)Calculates&} the standard deviation of a range.e.g., @STD(A1,D3) gives a result of 2.58 @STD(A1,A3) gives a result of 2.44@GOT&}O(r1)This function is used to jump from one part of the sheet to another during the recalculation process.e.g., @GOTO(Z254&}) will direct recalculation to cell Z254Be very careful when using this function, as it is very easy for the sheet to go in&}to an endless loop, so always make sure you are in MANUAL recalculation. If you have any problems, you can use [SHIFT-START]&} to interrupt the command. The above example is one way to speed up the recalculation process, as it avoids unnecessary passe&}s of blank cells.@PRINT(r1,r2)Prints the specified range. Make sure your printer is set up correctly before using this co&}mmand.e.g., @PRINT(A1,B3) will print the block A1 to B3The immediate use of this function might seem rather obscure but i&}t can be useful for printing results during programmed recalculation.@LOAD(rl)This function loads a range of cells previou&}sly saved using the "Range Save" command. The parameter passed to @LOAD must be a cell reference, which contains the name of& } the range to load. The normal rules for "Loading Ranges" applies when this function is used.e.g., @LOAD(G1) will load a ra&!}nge saved under the name "Costs."@SAVE(r1,r2,r3)This function will save a range of cells r2,r3 using a text cell at r1 as &"}a name.@NUMBER(r1,r2)This function is very powerful, as it allows a spreadsheet to be set up so that the user only has to &#}enter values without knowing how the sheet is laid out. The first reference (r1) must be a text cell, otherwise CALC MAGIC w&$}ill give an error message. When the function is used, the contents of the text cell will be displayed and will wait for the &%}user to enter a number. This number will then be saved in the second cell reference (r2). Because of the complexity of @NUM&&}BER, it can be the only entry contained in a cell.e.g., @NUMBER(G1,G2) will prompt the user with "Costs" and when a value i&'}s entered, it will be stored in the cell G2.cell.e.g., @NUMBER(G1,G2) will prompt the user with "Costs" and when a value i$-@TEXT(r1,r2)This function is similar to @NUMBER but is used for text entries. The first cell reference contains the prompt*)} and the second stores the user"s response.e.g., @TEXT(G1,G2) will prompt the user with "Costs" and when they enter text, s**}uch as "Rent," this will be stored in G2.@ASSIGN(exp,rl)This function is used to assign the result of a calculation or the*+} contents of one cell to another.e.g., @ASSIGN(A1,D6) assigns 7 to D6 (A1 contains 7) @ASSIGN(A1*2,D8) assigns 14 *,}to D8 @ASSIGN(G1,H1) assigns "Costs" to H1@IF(p1,p2,p3) where p1=test p2=true p3=falseThe @IF function works by *-}taking the result p2 or p3, depending on whether the evaluation of p1 is true or false. p1 takes the general form of a test *.}between cell names or values using logical operators. Multiple tests can be made by using the additional operators @AND and */}@OR.e.g., A1>56 or 10A2 or A1=10@ANDA2=6@ORA3>B6Logical operators can be: < less than=< or <= le*0}ss than or equal to = equal to<> or >< not equal to > greater than=> or >= greater than or equal to*1}The p2 and p3 parameters can be values or cell names or any mathematical expression.e.g.,@IF(B2=5,1,2) gives the result 1 *2}(true)@IF(B2<5,1,2) gives the result 2 (false)@IF(A1>5@ANDC3=3,A3,B2) gives the result 1 (true)@IF(A1=5@ORB2=8,A3,B2) giv*3}es the result 1 (true)Although somewhat complex to interpret, this is legal:@IF(A1=50@ORA1=60@ANDB1=10,@SQRT(@SUM(A1,A10)*4}),+A1*(60+5)@IFGOTO(p1,r1,r2) where p1=test r1=true r2=falseThis works on the same principle as @IF, but r1 and r2 are *5}single cell references, which are jumped to depending on the outcome of the p1 test.e.g.,@IFGOTO(A1=60@ORB1=10,A6,A20) jum*6}ps to A20 (false)@IFGOTO(A2>=4@ANDC3=<3,A6,A20) jumps to A6 (true)@SORT(r1,r2,r3)This function sorts the range r2,r3 usin*7}g r1 as the column reference, in the same manner as RANGE SORT.e.g., @SORT(B1,A1,C3) will swap rows 1 and 3@LOOKUP(r1,r2,*8}r3,r4,r5)This function searches a range of cells for information contained in another cell and returns the corresponding val*9}ue from another column (i.e., table look-up).r1 = cell containing search informationr2,r3 = range to be searchedr4 = colum*:}n reference for corresponding valuer5 = cell for resulte.g., A B C1 800XL2 IBM PC *;} 303 Atari 800XL 1004 Acorn Electron 5056 @LOOKUP(A1,B2,B4,A2,C1) will put "Atari" into C1.("800XL" i*<}n A1 matches "800XL" in B3 and the corresponding entry in column A is copied to C1)@LOOKUP(A1,B2,B4,C4,C1) will return 100 *=}into C1.("800XL" in A1 matches "800XL" in B3 and the corresponding entry in column C is copied to C1).@QUITThis is an exc*>}eption in that it is not a true function as it has no parameters. It basically STOPS recalculation and is used to signify*?} the end of a "program." Programming CALC MAGICHow to Use Programmed RecalculationIn conjunction with using functions,*@} you can also set up a series of actions, which can be functions, formulas, values, etc., which are executed in turn (unless *A}directed elsewhere) and give them a "name." These are referred to as a "PROGRAM" and can be selected to run at any time thro*B}ugh the "Recalculate Options" menu.It is very straightforward to enter the program steps. The program is placed in the las*C}t column of your spreadsheet (column Z on an 800XL, column BL on a 130XE). Two sample spreadsheets with examples of programm*D}ing are on your Calc Magic disk. They are called XESAMPLE.GMS and XLSAMPLE.GMS. The first is for 130XEs and the second is f*E}or 800XLs. Both spreadsheets have the same sample programs. You can load the appropriate spreadsheet. When you type in a pr*F}ogram, follow these instructions:1. Make sure you are in MANUAL recalculation.2. Give your program a name. This can be*G} up to 20 characters and must be preceded with #.3. Put the name somewhere in the last column (leave enough rows below it *H}to enter the rest of the program).4. Enter the program steps in order of execution, in the last column, following the name*I}, e.g., if the name is in Z1, then use Z2, Z3, Z4, etc.5. The last instruction must be @QUIT to terminate the program. *J} Here is the spreadsheet XLSAMPLE.GMS for the 800XL:A1 1 Z1 #SUMA2 2 Z2 @SUM(A1,A3)A3 3 *K} Z3 @ASSIGN(Z2,A4) Z4 @QUIT Z5 Z6 #LOAD Y7 Filename Z7*L} @TEXT(Y7,Y8) Z8 @LOAD(Y8) Z9 @PRINT(A1,G20) Z10 @QUIT Here is *M}the spreadsheet XESAMPLE]GMS on a 130XE:A1 1 BL1 #SUMA2 2 BL2 @SUM(A1,A3)A3 3 BL*N}3 @ASSIGN(BL2,A4) BL4 @QUIT BL5 BL6 #LOAD BK7 Filename BL7 @TE*O}XT(BK7,BK8) BL8 @LOAD(BK8) BL9 @PRINT(A1,G20) BL10 @QUITThese sprea*P}dsheets have two programs on them, #SUM and #LOAD.#SUM will sum the range A1,A3 and then assign the result to cell A4.#LO*Q}AD will ask you for the filename of a saved Range. A sample range is on the disk which you can use, it is called "RANGE.RMS"*R} (do not enter the ".RMS"). The filename is put into cell Y8 (BL8 on the 130XE). Then #LOAD will use this name to load a Ran*S}ge from the disk. Then it will print the Range A1,G20. If you do not have a printer on line, the program will hang, or retu*T}rn an error message. Press [SHIFT-START] to recover.To execute a program, select PROGRAMMED recalculation from the "Recal*U}culation Menu." Return to the sheet and press [SHIFT-OPTION]. A "Select Options" menu appears:Choose SUM and press [START*V}]. Now look at cell A4 - it will contain the result 6. Similarly, the program LOAD can be run providing the file specified *W}is available.CALC MAGIC thus provides a very easy way of performing calculations that can be used by anyone.APPENDIX A*X}ERROR MESSAGESUse the [SHIFT-START] key to remove the error message from the top of the screen.CALC MAGIC tries to be as *Y}helpful as possible by pointing out errors as they are made. There are two types of error.1. Those which can be detected *Z}as soon as the command or expression is entered. This type of error will actually position the cursor at the error within th*[}e entry. The error can be corrected as soon as the error message is cleared.2. Errors which are detected only during a re*\}calculation. In this case CALC MAGIC will move the cursor to the cell containing the error where the entry can be recalled a*]}nd edited if necessary.Range Error, e.g., use (A1,K50)CALC MAGIC cannot extract the correct range information from the inf*^}ormation given. Ensure that the first cell reference points to the top lefthand corner and the second reference points to th*_}e bottom righthand corner of the range.Uneven Brackets ()There must always be the same number of opening brackets, "(", an*`}d closing brackets, ")", in an expression. Unsure of MeaningCALC MAGIC cannot understand what you are trying to do!Cells*a} are A1 to Z254 (or BL254) onlyAn attempt has been made to reference a cell which does not exist.Unknown FunctionCALC MAG*b}IC does not have the named function.Number too largeThe number which has been entered exceeds 999,999,999,999!Too many d*c}ecimal pointsA number is only allowed one decimal point.IF Error. Use IF(test, true, false)CALC MAGIC cannot evaluate th*d}e IF statement correctly.GOTO cannot jump to itselfThe GOTO function must jump to a different cell on the sheet.IFGOTO c*e}an only go to a cellAn attempt has been made to jump to a number or expression.Number or cell address onlyOnly a number o*f}r a cell reference is allowed.ASSIGN to a different cellUse a different cell reference for assignment.Numbers and commas*g} onlyThe command will only accept numbers separated by commas.Numbers between 1-255 onlyAn attempt has been made to enter*h} a number outside the range specified, i.e., zero or greater than 255.Only 15 codes allowedThe command will only allow 15 *i}numbers to be entered.PV format is PV(amount,%,duration)An error has been detected in the use of the PV functions, ensure *j}that the parameters are correct.Prompt with a text cellAn attempt has been made to use a blank or numeric cell as a prompt*k}. It must be a text cell.The Sheet is Full!You have run out of memory. Check to see if there is redundant information wh*l}ich can be erased.Background colour must be uniqueIn order for the sheet to be visible CALC MAGIC will not allow the backg*m}round colour to be the same as other colour selections.Error in MathsCALC MAGIC has detected a syntax error in your expres*n}sion.APPENDIX BLIST OF FUNCTIONS where r1, r2, r3 are cell references (e.g., r1,r2 = range)where p1, p2, p3 are para*o}meterswhere exp is an expression@SUM(r1,r2) add together all cells in the range@MIN(r1,r2) find the minimum value in th*p}e range@MAX(r1,r2) find the maximum value in the range@MEAN(r1,r2) calculate the mean of the range@COUNT(r1,r2) cound a*q}ll cells which contain numbers@SQRT(exp) take the square root of the expression@PV(p1,p2,p3) calculate the present value*r} where p1=amount, p2=percentagep3=duration@VAR(r1,r2) calculate the variance of the range@STD(r1,r2) calculate the stand*s}ard deviation of the range@GOTO(r1) redirect recalculation to cell r1@PRINT(r1,r2) print the range@LOAD(r1) where r1 co*t}ntains the file name@SAVE(r1,r2,r3) where r1 contains the file name and r2,r3 is the range to be saved@TEXT(r1,r2) where *u}r1 contains the prompt and r2 the user response@NUMBER(r1,r2) same as @TEXT but only accepts numbers@ASSIGN(exp,r1) assig*v}n the result of the expression or the contents of a cell to r1@IF(p1,p2,p3) where p1=test, p2=true, p3=false@IFGOTO(p1,r1*w}